The suspects also worked with the Iranian Embassy in Damascus for logistical support.
One suspect detained by the FBI and later deported to Saudi Arabia noted that the IRGC recruited him and that an IRGC leader directed several operations in the Kingdom. Iran sponsored Saudi Hizballah, which carried out the bombing, and also trained cell members. Hala Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. As quoted in Martin Kramer, “The Moral Logic of Hizballah,” in Walter Reich, ed., Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. Iran's attempt to dominate the movement, however, alienated many Da’wa members, leading parts of the organization to leave the movement.ĩ. SCIRI accepted Ayatollah Khomeini as its spiritual leader. Branches of the Da’wa party initially joined SCIRI, as did the Organization of Islamic Action. International Crisis Group, “Iraq's Shiites under Occupation” (September 2003), pp. Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in the Middle East (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), p. For a review of the war-prone tendencies of revolutionary states, see Stephen Walt, Revolution and War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).Ħ. As quoted in Bakhash, Reign of the Ayatollahs, p. As quoted in Anoushiravan Ehteshami, After Khomeini (New York: Routledge, 1995), p. Michael Eisenstadt, Iranian Military Power (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1996), p. Michael Eisenstadt notes that Iran has worked with Islamists such as Hamas, the Palestine Islamic Jihad, the Turkish Islamic Action, Kurdish Hezbollah, the Islamic Group in Egypt, al-Nahda in Tunisia, and the Islamic Salvation Front in Algeria, as well as radical secular groups like the PFLP-GC and the Kurdish Workers Party. Bakhash, Reign of the Ayatollahs (New York: Basic Books, 1986), pp. Shaul Bakhash, for example, claims that in the 1980s Iran directly aided Muslim radicals in Malaysia and the Philippines, and that its example inspired Shi’ites in North Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan. Parts of this article draw on my recent book, Daniel Byman, Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).Ģ.
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